集中(zhong)供(gong)熱系(xi)(xi)統(tong)是城(cheng)市和(he)社會發展(zhan)的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)基礎設(she)施(shi)，其發展(zhan)水(shui)平是城(cheng)市現代化水(shui)平的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)標志(zhi)。集中(zhong)供(gong)熱系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)優(you)化設(she)計研究(jiu)，對節(jie)約工程投(tou)資、降低供(gong)熱能(neng)(neng)耗(hao)、提(ti)高企業(ye)效益有著重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)意義。中(zhong)國能(neng)(neng)源結(jie)構(gou)調整和(he)對環境保護要(yao)(yao)(yao)求的(de)提(ti)高，使供(gong)熱能(neng)(neng)源結(jie)構(gou)發生了重(zhong)大變化，正確分析、評價(jia)集中(zhong)供(gong)熱系(xi)(xi)統(tong)更顯得尤為重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)。下面，與大家就集中(zhong)供(gong)熱系(xi)(xi)統(tong)工程節(jie)能(neng)(neng)解決(jue)方案(an)進行探討。
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????1.采(cai)用多(duo)熱源聯(lian)網集中供熱系(xi)統
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????多(duo)(duo)熱(re)(re)(re)源聯網(wang)集(ji)(ji)中(zhong)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)系(xi)統，是指(zhi)利用大型燃(ran)氣(qi)鍋爐(lu)或熱(re)(re)(re)電廠作(zuo)為(wei)主(zhu)要熱(re)(re)(re)源承(cheng)擔城市集(ji)(ji)中(zhong)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)的(de)(de)基(ji)礎熱(re)(re)(re)負(fu)荷(he)(he)，小型燃(ran)氣(qi)鍋爐(lu)承(cheng)擔峰(feng)值熱(re)(re)(re)負(fu)荷(he)(he)的(de)(de)一種集(ji)(ji)中(zhong)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)系(xi)統。可以使供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)設備在(zai)更(geng)多(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)時(shi)間(jian)內(nei)處于(yu)滿(man)負(fu)荷(he)(he)運行(xing)狀(zhuang)態下，提高各熱(re)(re)(re)源的(de)(de)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)效率。在(zai)熱(re)(re)(re)網(wang)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)量(liang)充足時(shi)進(jin)行(xing)按需(xu)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)，供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)量(liang)不足時(shi)進(jin)行(xing)均勻性調節(jie)，靈活調整(zheng)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)量(liang)。系(xi)統中(zhong)的(de)(de)多(duo)(duo)熱(re)(re)(re)源聯網(wang)可根據熱(re)(re)(re)負(fu)荷(he)(he)的(de)(de)具體(ti)情(qing)況，制定(ding)出更(geng)為(wei)靈活、合理(li)的(de)(de)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)方案，并可隨時(shi)調整(zheng)全系(xi)統的(de)(de)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)工況（供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)量(liang)、溫度(du)、流量(liang)、壓力）。從而大幅降(jiang)低供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)能耗，以此達到節(jie)能的(de)(de)作(zuo)用。
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????2.建立智能熱網(wang)控制系統
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????智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)網控(kong)制系(xi)(xi)統，由(you)熱(re)(re)(re)網監控(kong)中(zhong)心、智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)網調節終端(duan)、用戶(hu)溫(wen)度測(ce)量(liang)終端(duan)以及執行(xing)機(ji)構組成。通過采(cai)用智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)采(cai)集儀對(dui)(dui)換熱(re)(re)(re)站實(shi)(shi)行(xing)遠程(cheng)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)控(kong)制，利用計算機(ji)技術和無線通信技術，對(dui)(dui)各換熱(re)(re)(re)站的運(yun)(yun)行(xing)參數進行(xing)實(shi)(shi)時(shi)遠程(cheng)監測(ce)，以達到室(shi)(shi)外(wai)(wai)溫(wen)度與熱(re)(re)(re)網運(yun)(yun)行(xing)狀況的平衡，從而達到節能(neng)降耗的作用。在(zai)集中(zhong)供(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)統中(zhong)，由(you)于室(shi)(shi)外(wai)(wai)溫(wen)度在(zai)一天之(zhi)內(nei)存在(zai)較大的波動(dong)起(qi)伏(fu)或(huo)熱(re)(re)(re)用戶(hu)的時(shi)間特殊(shu)性需(xu)要對(dui)(dui)供(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)統進行(xing)分時(shi)段控(kong)制。例(li)如在(zai)清晨，室(shi)(shi)外(wai)(wai)溫(wen)度較低，須(xu)加大供(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)量(liang)；中(zhong)午(wu)室(shi)(shi)外(wai)(wai)溫(wen)度升高，需(xu)減(jian)少供(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)量(liang)；傍晚時(shi)段室(shi)(shi)外(wai)(wai)溫(wen)度由(you)開始降低，又需(xu)增加供(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)量(liang)。我們可以通過智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)網控(kong)制系(xi)(xi)統，根據上述參數的變化，及時(shi)調整(zheng)供(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)量(liang)，提高熱(re)(re)(re)源利用率。
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????3.做好熱(re)計量工作
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????堅持做好熱(re)(re)(re)(re)計量(liang)(liang)工(gong)作(zuo)，安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)量(liang)(liang)表(biao)。熱(re)(re)(re)(re)量(liang)(liang)表(biao)本身雖不(bu)具有(you)節(jie)(jie)能(neng)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)，但是可(ke)以統計出(chu)供熱(re)(re)(re)(re)單位為用(yong)(yong)戶提供多(duo)少熱(re)(re)(re)(re)量(liang)(liang)，管(guan)路消耗(hao)(hao)的熱(re)(re)(re)(re)量(liang)(liang)是多(duo)少。可(ke)以很方(fang)便(bian)的得出(chu)平均管(guan)網(wang)輸送(song)效率和(he)供熱(re)(re)(re)(re)效率的高(gao)低，及(ji)時發現供熱(re)(re)(re)(re)系統的能(neng)源浪(lang)費(fei)情況。及(ji)時采取有(you)效措施進行(xing)改善，推進集中供熱(re)(re)(re)(re)系統的節(jie)(jie)能(neng)運行(xing)。安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)計量(liang)(liang)表(biao)，實行(xing)按各用(yong)(yong)戶熱(re)(re)(re)(re)量(liang)(liang)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)量(liang)(liang)進行(xing)收(shou)費(fei)，不(bu)僅(jin)解決(jue)了建筑物內部(bu)室溫冷熱(re)(re)(re)(re)不(bu)均的問題，更(geng)減少了資源浪(lang)費(fei)的現象，起(qi)到了節(jie)(jie)能(neng)降耗(hao)(hao)的作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。
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????4.推廣熱水管道保溫直(zhi)埋技(ji)術
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????熱(re)水管道(dao)保(bao)溫直埋技術經過多年的運用(yong)，已有了(le)較為成熟的技術經驗。直埋敷設熱(re)水保(bao)溫管道(dao)，除具(ju)有節省用(yong)地、方便施(shi)工(gong)、減少工(gong)程投資和維(wei)護工(gong)作量(liang)小(xiao)等優點(dian)外(wai)，還具(ju)有熱(re)損(sun)失(shi)小(xiao)的優點(dian)。根(gen)據(ju)冬季實(shi)測(ce)結果，DN800傳統地溝管道每公里降溫0.75℃，而DN500直埋管道的(de)每(mei)公(gong)里溫降(jiang)只(zhi)有(you)0.34℃。按照管徑越(yue)大溫降越(yue)小推算，DN800直埋保溫管道(dao)的溫降會更小(xiao)。
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????由此看(kan)來，熱(re)水(shui)管道(dao)保溫直埋(mai)技術(shu)應大范圍(wei)進行推(tui)廣(guang)和應用。
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????5.熱力站采用全(quan)自動(dong)預組裝式換熱機組
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????全自動預組(zu)(zu)裝(zhuang)式(shi)換(huan)(huan)(huan)熱(re)(re)機組(zu)(zu)，包括：板式(shi)換(huan)(huan)(huan)熱(re)(re)器(qi)、循環水(shui)泵、補水(shui)系統、流量(liang)調(diao)節閥、關(guan)斷(duan)閥門、就(jiu)地(di)儀表、溫度及壓(ya)力傳感器(qi)、控制系統等(deng)。可根據室外溫度靈(ling)活調(diao)整(zheng)二次供水(shui)溫度及供熱(re)(re)量(liang)。今年(nian)來，我國天津市(shi)、北京市(shi)等(deng)熱(re)(re)力公司大范(fan)圍采(cai)用(yong)這種換(huan)(huan)(huan)熱(re)(re)機組(zu)(zu)，運(yun)行結果表明，具有顯著的節能(neng)效果。同時該換(huan)(huan)(huan)熱(re)(re)機組(zu)(zu)還具備占地(di)面(mian)積小、結構緊湊、安裝(zhuang)方便(bian)、維護(hu)保養(yang)費用(yong)低、操作簡單等(deng)優點。
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????6.采用變(bian)頻器對水泵進(jin)行控(kong)制(zhi)
????集中供熱系統水泵(beng)(beng)(beng)采用先進(jin)的(de)(de)交流電機變頻調(diao)速技術，對水泵(beng)(beng)(beng)進(jin)行調(diao)速控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，從而(er)實現恒壓供水。它通過壓力傳感(gan)器(qi)接收(shou)管網壓力信號，經(jing)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)分析運算后控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水泵(beng)(beng)(beng)的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)速及水泵(beng)(beng)(beng)的(de)(de)工作臺(tai)數，平(ping)穩改變供水水量，使管網壓力保持恒定且有(you)明顯的(de)(de)節電效果。眾所周(zhou)知，水泵(beng)(beng)(beng)耗(hao)電功率與水泵(beng)(beng)(beng)電機轉(zhuan)速成三次方正比關系，安裝變頻調(diao)速器(qi)后能夠(gou)自(zi)動檢測瞬時管網水壓，24小(xiao)時(shi)不間(jian)斷監測(ce)室外溫(wen)度，根據溫(wen)度變(bian)換及時(shi)控制電機轉(zhuan)速，調整(zheng)供(gong)水(shui)量，從而達(da)到高效節(jie)能，采用變(bian)頻器對水(shui)泵進行(xing)控制，節(jie)能效果達(da)25%—40%。變(bian)頻器采用(yong)全自動(dong)程序控制(zhi)，運(yun)行可靠，操作簡便，保護功能齊全，可根(gen)據用(yong)戶(hu)需(xu)要任意設定供水壓(ya)力及供水時(shi)(shi)間，無需(xu)專人(ren)值守，故障自動(dong)診斷報警，人(ren)機界面(mian)及時(shi)(shi)顯示溫(wen)度、壓(ya)力、和(he)流(liu)量等參數(shu)。
????7.加強管理，控制集中供熱系統失水量
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????目前國內集中供(gong)熱二次(ci)系統失水嚴重，補水率可高(gao)達循環水量的10%以(yi)上。失(shi)(shi)水(shui)主要是熱用戶(hu)放水(shui)和二(er)次系(xi)統(tong)(tong)及(ji)戶(hu)內系(xi)統(tong)(tong)供(gong)熱設備老化漏水(shui)所致。系(xi)統(tong)(tong)大量(liang)失(shi)(shi)水(shui)和熱量(liang)丟(diu)失(shi)(shi)，嚴(yan)重(zhong)影響供(gong)熱能力及(ji)效(xiao)果(guo)。因此，必須加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)宣傳(chuan)教育、加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)管理，通(tong)過采取防(fang)漏、查漏、堵漏等手段，采取向二(er)次水(shui)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)添加(jia)(jia)染色劑(ji)、臭味劑(ji)等措施(shi)，將失(shi)(shi)水(shui)量(liang)降至正常水(shui)平。保證供(gong)熱系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的安全穩定運(yun)行。
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????8.優化板式換(huan)熱器(qi)的選型設(she)計
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????近年來，板(ban)式(shi)(shi)換熱(re)器(qi)技術日益成熟，其換熱(re)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)高(gao)(gao)，體積小，重量(liang)輕，污垢系(xi)數低(di)(di)，拆卸方(fang)便，板(ban)片(pian)品種多(duo)，適用范圍廣(guang)，在供(gong)熱(re)行(xing)業得到(dao)了廣(guang)泛(fan)應用。優化(hua)選(xuan)型(xing)設計內容包(bao)(bao)括：提高(gao)(gao)傳(chuan)熱(re)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)、提高(gao)(gao)對數平均(jun)溫(wen)差(cha)等。提高(gao)(gao)傳(chuan)熱(re)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)，可運用提高(gao)(gao)板(ban)片(pian)的(de)表面(mian)傳(chuan)熱(re)系(xi)數、減小污垢層熱(re)阻、選(xuan)用導熱(re)率(lv)(lv)高(gao)(gao)的(de)板(ban)片(pian)、減小板(ban)片(pian)厚度等方(fang)法；提高(gao)(gao)對數平均(jun)溫(wen)差(cha)，是指加大板(ban)式(shi)(shi)換熱(re)器(qi)的(de)有(you)效(xiao)換熱(re)面(mian)積，拉大一次供(gong)回水(shui)溫(wen)差(cha)，在等熱(re)負荷條件(jian)下，降(jiang)低(di)(di)一次供(gong)水(shui)流量(liang)，從而達到(dao)節能(neng)降(jiang)耗的(de)作用。同時，降(jiang)低(di)(di)板(ban)式(shi)(shi)換熱(re)器(qi)阻力(li)，有(you)助于降(jiang)低(di)(di)二次循(xun)環系(xi)統阻力(li)，降(jiang)低(di)(di)循(xun)環泵揚程，從而達到(dao)節電作用。降(jiang)低(di)(di)換熱(re)器(qi)阻力(li)的(de)方(fang)法包(bao)(bao)括：采(cai)用熱(re)混合板(ban)、采(cai)用非(fei)對稱(cheng)型(xing)板(ban)式(shi)(shi)換熱(re)器(qi)、采(cai)用多(duo)流程組合、設換熱(re)器(qi)旁通(tong)管等。
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????9.改變大流量、小(xiao)溫差的運行方式(shi)，提高供(gong)水(shui)溫度和輸送效(xiao)率
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????目前(qian)國內供熱(re)系統，包(bao)括一(yi)次水系統和二次水系統都普遍采(cai)用大流量小溫差(cha)的運行方(fang)式，實際(ji)運行的供水溫度比設計供水溫度低10～20℃，循(xun)環水量增加20～50%。此種運行狀態使循環水泵電耗急劇(ju)增加(50%以上(shang))、管網(wang)輸送(song)能(neng)力嚴重下降、熱(re)力站(zhan)內熱(re)交換(huan)設備數量增加。其(qi)原(yuan)因(yin)除受熱(re)源的(de)限制不能(neng)提高供水溫(wen)度外，主要是(shi)因(yin)為管網(wang)缺乏必要的(de)控(kong)制設備。
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????系統(tong)存(cun)在水力工(gong)況失(shi)調(diao)的(de)(de)問題，為保證不利用戶供(gong)熱(re)而采取的(de)(de)措(cuo)施。因此(ci)(ci)，應該在供(gong)熱(re)系統(tong)增加控制手段，解決(jue)了水力工(gong)況失(shi)調(diao)后，將供(gong)水溫(wen)度(du)(du)提(ti)高(gao)到設計溫(wen)度(du)(du)或接近(jin)設計溫(wen)度(du)(du)，以提(ti)高(gao)供(gong)熱(re)系統(tong)的(de)(de)輸送效(xiao)率、節(jie)約能源，并為用戶擴(kuo)展打下良好(hao)基礎。此(ci)(ci)外，還要加強系統(tong)的(de)(de)調(diao)整，保持管網的(de)(de)熱(re)平衡。一般來說，在正式供(gong)熱(re)運行(xing)前(qian)的(de)(de)試供(gong)熱(re)階段，就應根據所(suo)有熱(re)用單位的(de)(de)需(xu)熱(re)量對(dui)管網進行(xing)流量分(fen)配，既要保證最不利環節(jie)的(de)(de)正常供(gong)熱(re)，又要避(bi)免管網前(qian)端用戶的(de)(de)熱(re)量浪費。
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?10.推廣應用效果顯著的新技術、新設備
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根據(ju)近幾(ji)年(nian)的(de)(de)運行能耗情況對比，有二項技(ji)術(shu)在集中供熱(re)(re)系統節能減(jian)排上效(xiao)果(guo)非常顯著(zhu)(zhu)。一是(shi)分層給(gei)(gei)煤(mei)裝置(zhi)，二是(shi)受熱(re)(re)面(mian)(mian)噴涂(tu)(tu)技(ji)術(shu)。安裝分層給(gei)(gei)煤(mei)裝置(zhi)，可(ke)以實現煤(mei)層表面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)平整或(huo)有序，使風煤(mei)混合均勻，燃(ran)燒(shao)充分，對不同(tong)燃(ran)煤(mei)工況下的(de)(de)燃(ran)燒(shao)，均有辦法調整至最佳，增(zeng)加了鍋(guo)爐對煤(mei)種的(de)(de)適應性；耐高溫紅外(wai)涂(tu)(tu)料噴涂(tu)(tu)鍋(guo)爐換(huan)熱(re)(re)管及鍋(guo)筒的(de)(de)迎火(huo)面(mian)(mian)，可(ke)以大(da)大(da)降(jiang)低(di)受熱(re)(re)面(mian)(mian)飛灰沉著(zhu)(zhu)，縮(suo)短啟爐時間(jian)，增(zeng)強換(huan)熱(re)(re)，降(jiang)低(di)排煙溫度可(ke)達5度以上，減少排煙熱損(sun)失。
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? ??隨著科技的(de)(de)(de)(de)日(ri)益進步，越來(lai)越多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)技術將(jiang)在(zai)未來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)集中(zhong)供(gong)(gong)熱(re)領域(yu)中(zhong)得以(yi)運用。分布(bu)式(shi)能源站供(gong)(gong)熱(re)系(xi)統(tong)、分布(bu)式(shi)水泵供(gong)(gong)熱(re)系(xi)統(tong)等(deng)新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)供(gong)(gong)熱(re)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)出現，為我們今后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)供(gong)(gong)熱(re)系(xi)統(tong)工程提供(gong)(gong)了更多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)解決方案，相信不久在(zai)不久的(de)(de)(de)(de)明天(tian)，供(gong)(gong)熱(re)系(xi)統(tong)節(jie)能將(jiang)會(hui)邁上新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)臺階。?
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